Funded Research

We pursue an applied research agenda in which social and environmental challenges are framed as opportunities for the private sector to create superior business strategies and competitive advantage. Our research reflects these priorities.

Ongoing Research

Renewable Energy Project Standards

PIs: Mark Milstein
Dates: January 2024 – ongoing

The Center represents Cornell on behalf of Cornell Atkinson in a steering committee headed by The Nature Conservancy focused on how to develop a set of standards and a certification to promote best practices that would address ecological and social issues that impede, slow down, or halt the development of critical renewable energy projects. Organizations involved include Sustain Our Future Foundation, 7 Skyline, American Farmland Trust, Rivian, Schneider Electric, Seneca Environmental, Solar Stewards, WattTime, Weyerhaeuser, and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).

STAMP Puerto Rico

Funder: U.S. Forest Service
Dates: July 2024 – ongoing

The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and Cornell’s Sustainable Tourism Asset Management Program (STAMP) at the Center have launched a collaboration focused on facilitating the development of sustainable tourism destination management strategies with local institutions and forest partners. STAMP will provide technical assistance to the agency to develop El Yunque National Forest and the surrounding region as a sustainable tourism destination in the aftermath of recent hurricanes. The first year of the collaboration focuses on sustainable tourism assessment in the Northeast region of the island that combines geospatial planning, sustainable infrastructure analysis, examination of tourism business markets and supply chains, and research on tourism policy and governance.

Read about STAMP’s Work

Mass Timber Construction & Circularity: The Groovelam Project

Funder: NY State Energy Research & Development Authority (NYSERDA)
PIs: Felix Heisel (CCL)
Co-PIs: Mark Milstein (CSGE), Mathias T. Reiter, and James Strait
Dates: ongoing

The Groovelam Project is a collaboration to develop a novel circular construction product offering a non-toxic and circular alternative to glue-laminated timber. The research includes a team overseen by the Center, which is assessing the potential market feasibility of the new product through interviews with mass timber construction stakeholders. Industry partners include Tri-Lox, Schlaich Bergermann Partner, Trade Design Build, Co Adaptive, UrbanMachine, CRoWD, and RECLAIM NYC.

Past Research

FoodMap NY

Funder: Mother Cabrini Health Foundation
PIs: Marianna Koval and Mark Milstein (CSGE)
Dates: Spring 2022 – Summer 2024

The research represents a collaboration between the Center and the NYU Stern Center for Sustainable Business that aims to investigate how impact investors and philanthropic organizations can build new markets and expand access to healthy food in the region. As a culmination of the project, the collaboration held a Food Finance Forum focused on facilitating private sector investment to address food insecurity in New York State.

READ The Report

Hudson Highlands Fjords Trial (HHFT)

PIs: Mark Milstein (CSGE)
Co-PIs: Megan Epler Wood (CSGE)
Dates: ended June 2025

Julie Saito (MBA ’26) and Miwako Uemura (MBA ’26) completed research to measure and manage the invisible burden of tourism in the Hudson River Valley Villages of Cold Spring, Nelsonville, and Philipstown. The three towns face the challenge of managing growing tourism that is the result of the popularity of the area trails and easy access by train from New York City via Metro North service. The introduction of the Hudson Highlands Fjords Trail (HHFT) project would consist of an elevated trail over the Hudson River and has the potential to significantly increase tourism and its associated impacts in the region.

Student Multidisciplinary Applied Research Teams (SMART) Program

Funder: Engaged Cornell
PIs: Felix Heisel (AAP)
Co-PIs: Mark Milstein (CSGE)
Dates: Spring 2021 – Spring 2025

The SMART Program brings together multidisciplinary teams of graduate and undergraduate students, faculty, and staff to address real challenges faced by businesses, NGOs, and public institutions in emerging markets. Through our year-long curriculum, students develop field research skills while creating practical solutions that make measurable impacts. Each project begins with a specific challenge identified by international partners, allowing students to apply academic knowledge in real-world development settings.

CIRCLE – Circular Ithaca: Researching Construction in the Local Economy

Funder: Engaged Cornell
PIs: Felix Heisel (AAP)
Co-PIs: Mark Milstein (CSGE)
Dates: Spring 2021 – 2024

The research represents a collaboration between the Department of Architecture, the SC Johnson College of Business, and local community partners Finger Lakes Reuse, Ithaca NHS, Trade Design Build, and Taitem Engineering. The research specifically aims to investigate the circular potential of the local built environment by researching and proposing methods for material reuse and recycling, reversible construction, reactivating embodied values, creating green jobs, and reinventing the underlying business models of construction. As part of the work, Heisel and Milstein will be offering a new experiential course to undergraduate and graduate students this spring entitled “The Circular Economy: The Business and Science of Construction”.

Upcycling Ash Trees for Sustainable Wood Construction

Funder: Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future Academic Venture Fund Awards
PIs: Sasa Zivkovic (AAP)
Co-PIs: Kifle Gebremedhin (BEE), Mark Milstein (CSGE), and Peter Smallidge (CALS)
Dates: Spring 2021 – 2022

In collaboration with glued laminated timber manufacturer UNALAM, this research will look to develop an innovative method to reuse Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)-infested timber, by creating a new building process to transform irregularly shaped “ash waste wood” into a useful high-tech engineered wood product.

Animal Fibers: Connecting Rural Economies and Urban Markets Through Strengthened Local Supply Chains

Funder: Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future Academic Venture Fund Awards & Engaged Cornell
PIs: Mark Milstein (GM – Johnson Management and Organizations)
Co-PIs: Miguel Gomez (CALS – Applied Economics & Management), Tasha Lewis (Human Ecology/Fiber Science & Apparel Design), Anu Rangarajan (CALS/SIPS-Horticulture), and Michael Thonney (CALS/Animal Science)
Dates: Spring 2018 – Spring 2020

This research will seek to help small flock fiber farmers who struggle to survive in a global economy that favors standardization and commoditization of a narrow set of breeds and genetic stock to produce cheap material that must compete with synthetic, low-cost competitors. As interest in locally produced goods grows, small flock fiber farms may have an opportunity to thrive by influencing development of specialized textile markets. The project will examine small flock-based fiber market value chains and connect rural and urban fiber-textile economies in order to increase growth of rural economies and pave the way for similar markets to do the same. The project was also awarded additional funds by Engaged Cornell to ensure undergraduate and graduate student mentorship support.

Food Loss & Waste Business Innovation Lab

Funder: The Rockefeller Foundation
PIs: Mark Milstein (GM – Johnson Management and Organizations)
Dates: Fall 2016 – Spring 2018

This funding enabled the Center to hold the Food Loss & Waste Business Innovation Lab in June 2017 in collaboration with Frog Design. The Lab enabled teams from participating companies to explore and develop project ideas around business opportunities to reduce food loss and waste. Teams from Aerofarms, The Benjamin Hotel, Blue Apron, Eataly, Four Seasons Hotel New York Downtown, Freshdirect, Hain Celestial Group, Las Vegas Sands, LOTTE New York Palace Hotel, RISE Products, ReCultivateNY, and [Re]Produce participated in the frogThink® design process under the guidance and mentorship of Frog Design experts, Cornell SC Johnson College of Business faculty, and other food waste and innovation subject matter experts to learn about and apply new cross disciplinary problem-solving techniques. Interspersed among activities were speakers from Baldor Specialty Foods, ReFED, Natural Cuts, and [Re]Produce who shared their insights from experiences addressing food loss and waste.

Market-Based Instruments and Incentives for Sustainability and Conservation in Rural Working Landscapes in Latin America

Funder: Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future Academic Venture Fund Awards
PIs: Amanda Rodewald (CALS – Laboratory of Ornithology)
Co-PIs: Viviana Ruiz Gutierrez (CALS – Laboratory of Ornithology), Miguel Gomez (CALS – Applied Economics & Management), Stephen DeGloria (CALS – SIPS – Soil and Crop Sciences) and Mark Milstein (GM – Johnson Management and Organizations)
Dates: Spring 2016 – Spring 2018

A growing number of programs and incentives aim to achieve global sustainability goals, but their viability often remains aspirational and untested in the market. Our project focuses on Nicaragua, which has pledged to restore 2.8 million ha of forest. Working with Rainforest Alliance and ECOM, we will (1) identify ecologically important landscapes, (2) evaluate mechanisms for forest restoration, (3) analyze markets for agroforestry and sustainable forestry, and (4) develop a portfolio of viable incentive programs and financial mechanisms. Results are intended to improve the effectiveness of forest conservation and restoration programs throughout Latin America and the world.

Investigation of Product Sustainability Innovation Programs

Funder: Johnson and Johnson
Co-PIs: Glen Dowell and Mark Milstein
Research Associate: James Landi
Dates: Spring 2015 – Spring 2016

This project explores the state of corporate programs aimed at improving product sustainability. While it has been noted that these programs are becoming more common, there has not yet been any research that examines (a) how these programs are enacted within companies or (b) what features might distinguish the most successful programs. The research has been carried out using archival data as well as in-depth interviews with representatives of companies from a wide range of industries.

Capturing Coral Reef & Related Ecosystem Services (CCRES)

Funders: Global Environment Facility (GEF), via an investment administered by the World Bank and University of Queensland (UQ), Australia
PI: Managed by the Global Change Institute at UQ; Mark Milstein
Dates: Fall 2013 – Spring 2018

Cornell University joins an international team that will undertake research to calculate a value for the services provided to communities by natural assets in the coastal environment, including seagrass beds, mangroves, and coral reefs. The project team will develop analysis tools that identify and nurture positive links between local businesses, local economies, and coastal natural capital. Local, national, and regional communities in the Philippines and Indonesia will be involved in the project.

Biodegradation of Cattle Manure Using Fly Larvae

Funder: Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future Academic Venture Fund Awards
PIs: Vimal Selvaraj (ANSC), Jan Nyrop (ENT), Patricia Johnson (ANSC), Mark Milstein (CSGE)
Dates: Spring 2013 – Fall 2014

Manure is a major challenge for livestock operations and a threat to groundwater and human health. This team is creating a natural strategy for waste management and developing a profitable animal feed at the same time. The researchers will use dairy manure as a nursery for fly larvae. The larvae biodegrade the manure, reducing mass and excess nutrients so that it can be safely sold as organic compost. The harvested larvae are ground into larva meal—a high-protein food source for animals that substitutes for fishmeal and human food grains. Students in the Sustainable Global Enterprise program, under the direction of Mark Milstein, will assess the commercial viability of larva meal.

Water and Economic Development in the Hudson and Mohawk Watersheds

Funders: New York State Water Resources Institute and New York State Hudson River Estuary Program
PI: Mark Milstein
Research Associates: John Tauzel and Brian Liberatore
Dates: Fall 2012 – Spring 2015

This project explores the ties between water availability and economic development and how these connections can be used to enhance growth, particularly through entrepreneurial activity, throughout the Hudson and Mohawk Watersheds, NY. Engaging business leaders, policy makers and economic development professionals, the study examines the feasibility of marketing the region’s water resources in an era of increasing global water scarcity. It also analyzes the potential development of a water technology cluster to leverage the region’s technology strengths in the $500 billion water market.

Building Markets & Enterprise for Malaria Eradication

Funders: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and S. C. Johnson & Sons, Inc
PI: Mark Milstein
Program Manager: Erik Simanis
Dates: Spring 2010 – Spring 2013

This project aims to accelerate malaria eradication efforts by complementing today’s dominant philanthropy-based, public-health model with a market-based, consumer-level business model, in which products and services significantly reduce malaria infection within at risk (i.e., low-income) populations. The Center has received grant money totaling $1 million to work in close partnership with S. C. Johnson in creating a sustainable business that offers products and services that reduce malaria infection in Ghana.

Malaria Project Grant Info

Creative Design for Affordability Program

Funder: National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance (NCIIA)
PI: Mark Milstein
Program Manager: Monica Touesnard
Dates: Fall 2010 – Fall 2013

This funding seeks to significantly enhance and institutionalize its new Creative Design for Affordability course, established in collaboration with faculty from Cornell’s College of Human Ecology Department of Design and Environmental Analysis and the Johnson Graduate School of Management’s Center for Sustainable Global Enterprise. Through this partnership, we will establish infrastructure for long-term support of approximately five multidisciplinary E-teams each year, which include (but are not limited to) students from business, design, engineering, and agriculture and life sciences, who will work with peers in India on the development and launch of new businesses that address global societal challenges. Course teams also compete in the Acara Institute Challenge.

Developing Business & Sustainability Curriculum Resources

Funder: Hatfield Grant at Cornell University
PI: Mark Milstein
Program Manager: Monica Touesnard
Dates: 2007- 2011

The project will broaden and deepen the permanent collection of high-quality short videos of sustainable enterprise experts. The collection focuses on four domains: the hospitality industry; the design and development of products and services for the world’s poor; innovative partnerships between the public, private and non-profit sectors; and the role individuals play in using economic principles to drive change and innovation, and to solve problems as entrepreneurs.

Building University Capabilities for Enterprise Development in Emerging Economies

Funder: Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies at Cornell University
PI: Mark Milstein
Dates: 2009 – 2011

Leveraging private-sector concepts, the Center seeks to define a model that generates value and knowledge creation by connecting university technologies, resources, and capabilities with those of low-income communities. We are developing a proof-of-concept document that features a practical tool for universities and other organizations trying to address the challenge of global poverty.

Private Enterprise Solutions for Poverty Alleviation: Approaches of the U.S. Military

Funder: The Social Equity Venture (S.E.VEN) Fund
PI: Mark Milstein
Dates: Spring 2008 – Spring 2009

This study examines the various approaches to promoting private enterprise utilized by the U.S. Army and Marines and compares them to those of the private sector and NGO community. This will provide a valuable opportunity to build knowledge around the complex relationship between entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation. Just as existing research holds important implications for how the military’s efforts may be made more effective, the military’s experience can lead to insight regarding how private and non-profit initiatives could be improved.

Base of the Pyramid Protocol

Funders: DuPont, SC Johnson, Tetra Pak, Hewlett-Packard, Cornell University, University of Michigan, William Davidson Institute, World Resources Institute, and the Johnson Foundation.
Co-Directors: Erik Simanis, Stuart Hart, and Duncan Duke
Dates: 2003-2009

This was an action research program to develop and refine a corporate innovation process geared for the unique challenge of sustainably serving Base of the Pyramid markets.

The initial framework for the BoP Protocol process was developed in 2004 through an intensive four-day design workshop at the Johnson Foundation’s Wingspread Conference Center. The workshop brought together a diverse mix of social entrepreneurs and non-governmental organizations, a dozen managers from the project’s four corporate sponsors, and thought leaders from various academic fields such as international development, social work, economic anthropology, and design.

Working from this framework, the Center for Sustainable Global Enterprise partnered with two corporations to implement the BoP Protocol. The first project was launched in 2005 by S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. in Kenya, and the second was launched in 2006 in India by the Solae Company, a subsidiary of DuPont.

You can download the BoP Protocol, in its entirety, via the links below.

BE Sustainability

Funder: National Science Foundation’s Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems
Co-PIs: Mark Milstein, Sheri Willoughby, and Elizabeth Kisenwether
Dates: 2006-2007

Funding supported the “Business, Engineering & Sustainability: Building Innovative Programs” workshop. The workshop, which was organized by the Center for Sustainable Global Enterprise at Cornell University, Engineers for a Sustainable World, Pennsylvania State University, and the World Resources Institute, focused on catalyzing programmatic change in business and engineering education. It brought together leading academics in engineering and business, as well as practitioners from industry, NGOs, and government, interested in exploring the potential linkages and opportunities for programmatically bridging these disciplines within the context of sustainable enterprise curriculum development, research, and technology commercialization. This interactive workshop approached academic program building opportunities from three angles, all related to improving educational curriculum: coursework, research, and cross-sector collaborations.

BE Sustainability Grant Info

Corporate Initiatives to Serve Poor Markets

Funder: National Science Foundation’s Innovation and Organizational Change Program
Co-PIs: Stuart Hart and Mark Milstein
Dates: 2002-2006

This longitudinal study was designed to follow six multinational companies as they conceived, proposed, implemented, and expanded or terminated projects aimed at the base of the economic pyramid. This research helped develop a better understanding of organizational innovation and change processes and enabled the generation of theoretical models regarding the causes of initiative success and failure. This work was critical in the development of new knowledge and insights into the organizational processes required for entering low-income markets in a way that generates organizational change and innovation.

Corporate Initiatives Grant Info

A Study on Sustainable Development: Corporate Strategy and Innovation Models for Low-Income Groups

This collaboration with researchers at Tsinghua University’s School of Economics and Management is funded by the National Science Foundation of China. We are conducting a longitudinal study focused on corporate strategy and innovation models for low-income communities in China.